Posts by navinniles@icloud.com

• What is an Endocrine Surgeon

  What Is Endocrine Surgery and What Does an Endocrine Surgeon Do? Introduction Endocrine surgery is a specialised branch of surgery focused on the treatment of disorders involving the endocrine glands — organs that produce and secrete hormones directly into the bloodstream. These hormones control many vital functions in the body, including metabolism, growth, and reproduction. […]

• What Does a Biopsy of Thyroid Nodules Entail?

  How a Fine Needle Aspiration (FNA) Biopsy of Thyroid Nodules Is Performed Introduction A fine needle aspiration (FNA) biopsy is a simple, safe, and highly accurate procedure used to evaluate thyroid nodules. It helps determine whether a nodule is benign (non-cancerous) or requires further attention. The procedure can usually be done in an outpatient clinic […]

• Parathyroid Disease

  Primary Hyperparathyroidism: Understanding the Overactive Parathyroid Introduction Primary hyperparathyroidism (PHPT) is one of the most common endocrine disorders, especially in adults over 50. It arises from excessive secretion of parathyroid hormone (PTH) by one or more parathyroid glands, leading to elevated blood calcium levels. This imbalance can affect bones, kidneys, and multiple organ systems. Normal […]

• What are Thyroid Nodules?, How do you get them?, Why do I have them?

  Pathophysiology of Multinodular Goitre Multinodular goitre (MNG) is one of the most common thyroid disorders encountered in clinical practice. It is characterized by an enlarged thyroid gland with multiple nodules that vary in size and function. While many MNGs are benign and non-toxic, some evolve into toxic multinodular goitre, leading to hyperthyroidism. Understanding the pathophysiology […]

• Adrenal Masses

  Workup of Adrenal Adenomas Adrenal adenomas are common, often discovered incidentally when a scan is performed for another reason — hence the term ‘adrenal incidentaloma.’ While most are benign and non-functioning, some can produce hormones or rarely represent malignant disease. The key to evaluation is determining whether the mass is hormonally active and benign or […]

• NIFTP A Cancer that is no longer a Cancer !!!

  NIFTP in Thyroid “Cancer”: What Changed—and Why It Mattered Key takeaway NIFTP is not cancer. In 2016, an international panel re-classified a common, indolent thyroid tumour—previously called the encapsulated follicular variant of papillary thyroid carcinoma (EFVPTC)—as Non-Invasive Follicular Thyroid Neoplasm with Papillary-like nuclear features (NIFTP). The word carcinoma was deliberately removed to reduce overdiagnosis and […]

• Weight Gain and Thyroid Disease (I commonly get asked this question)

  Thyroid Disease and Weight: Understanding the Connection Introduction The thyroid gland plays a central role in regulating metabolism — the process by which the body converts food into energy. Because of this, any disorder of the thyroid can influence body weight. Yet the relationship between thyroid function and weight is often misunderstood. Many people attribute […]

• Weight Loss Drugs and Thyroid Disease (I commonly get asked this question)

  Semaglutide and Thyroid Disease: What You Need to Know Introduction Semaglutide has emerged as one of the most effective medications for managing type 2 diabetes and obesity, transforming metabolic health outcomes for many patients. Marketed under names like Ozempic®, Wegovy®, and Rybelsus®, it belongs to a class of drugs called GLP-1 receptor agonists (glucagon-like peptide-1 […]

• Summary of the American Thyroid Association Guidelines for Differentiated Thyroid Cancer

  ATA 2025 Guidelines for Differentiated Thyroid Cancer – What’s New Introduction The American Thyroid Association (ATA) released its long-awaited 2025 Guidelines for the Management of Adult Patients with Differentiated Thyroid Cancer (DTC), published in *Thyroid* (2025; 35[Suppl 1]:S1-S185). This comprehensive update builds on the 2015 framework, reflecting advances in molecular diagnostics, imaging, and targeted therapy, […]

• Facial Nerve in Parotid Surgery

  The Relationship Between the Facial Nerve and the Parotid Gland Introduction The facial nerve and the parotid gland share one of the most intricate and clinically significant relationships in head and neck anatomy. Understanding this relationship is essential not only for surgeons performing parotidectomy but also for clinicians diagnosing facial nerve palsy or parotid masses. […]